Double counting heart rate - Littmann sign in electrocardiogram.

This report highlights necessity of correctly and quickly identifying Littmann sign. Littmann sign is not common in clinical practice, which is easily overlooked by most physicians, leading to delays in the treatment of hyperkalemia. A 68 year old patient with hyperkalemia was found to have inconsistent heart rate displayed on electrocardiogram monitoring with cardiac auscultation and synchronous electrocardiogram in the early stages of onset. Hyperkalemia was highly suspected by the Littmann sign. After completing arterial blood gas analysis, hyperkalemia was identified and active potassium lowering treatment was immediately initiated. The Littmann syndrome disappeared, and the patient eventually recovered.

Convolutional neural network-based measurement of crown-implant ratio for implant-supported prostheses.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Research has revealed that the crown-implant ratio (CIR) is a critical variable influencing the long-term stability of implant-supported prostheses in the oral cavity. Nevertheless, inefficient manual measurement and varied measurement methods have caused significant inconvenience in both clinical and scientific work. PURPOSE: This study aimed to develop an automated system for detecting the CIR of implant-supported prostheses from radiographs, with the objective of enhancing the efficiency of radiograph interpretation for dentists. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The method for measuring the CIR of implant-supported prostheses was based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and was designed to recognize implant-supported prostheses and identify key points around it. The experiment used the You Only Look Once version 4 (Yolov4) to locate the implant-supported prosthesis using a rectangular frame. Subsequently, two CNNs were used to identify key points. The first CNN determined the general position of the feature points, while the second CNN finetuned the output of the first network to precisely locate the key points. The network underwent testing on a self-built dataset, and the anatomic CIR and clinical CIR were obtained simultaneously through the vertical distance method. Key point accuracy was validated through Normalized Error (NE) values, and a set of data was selected to compare machine and manual measurement results. For statistical analysis, the paired t test was applied (α=.05). RESULTS: A dataset comprising 1106 images was constructed. The integration of multiple networks demonstrated satisfactory recognition of implant-supported prostheses and their surrounding key points. The average NE value for key points indicated a high level of accuracy. Statistical studies confirmed no significant difference in the crown-implant ratio between machine and manual measurement results (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS: Machine learning proved effective in identifying implant-supported prostheses and detecting their crown-implant ratios. If applied as a clinical tool for analyzing radiographs, this research can assist dentists in efficiently and accurately obtaining crown-implant ratio results.

Effect of Abdominal Compression on Total Single-Balloon Enteroscopy Rate: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether abdominal compression significantly increased the total enteroscopy rate in single-balloon enteroscopy (SBE). METHODS: Consecutive patients who underwent SBE at 2 hospitals were prospectively included between June 1, 2020, and September 30, 2021. They were randomly divided into an abdominal compression group and a non-abdominal compression group with use of sealed envelopes generated by a computer. Total enteroscopy rates were compared between the groups. RESULTS: The study included 200 patients. The total enteroscopy rates were 73% and 16% in the abdominal compression and non-abdominal compression groups, respectively (relative risk, 13.55; 95% CI, 6.79 to 27.00; P<.001). The total enteroscopy rate was higher in the 70 patients who were identified to have undergone no previous abdominal surgery or small intestinal stenosis than in the 32 patients who had undergone such procedures in the abdominal compression group (84% vs 47%; relative risk, 6.08; 95% CI, 2.36 to 15.67; P<.001). Relevant positive findings were not significantly different between the groups (58% vs 45%; P=.07). Binary logistic regression analysis found abdominal compression to be associated with a better total enteroscopy rate (odds ratio, 16.68; 95% CI, 7.92 to 35.15; P<.001), and the presence of previous abdominal surgery or small intestinal stenosis was associated with difficulty in completing the total enteroscopy procedure (odds ratio, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.12 to 0.58; P<.01). CONCLUSION: Abdominal compression significantly increased the total enteroscopy rate in SBE. Complete total enteroscopy may be challenging in patients with a history of abdominal surgery or small intestinal stenosis.

Monoterpene indole alkaloids from Gelsemium elegans.

Two new monoterpene indole alkaloids, Eleganine A (1) and Eleganine B (2), along with 11 known compounds (3-13) were isolated from the stems and leaves of Gelsemium elegans. Compound 1 is a gelsenicine-related monoterpenoid indole alkaloid possessing an iridoid unit. Their structures and absolute configurations of 1-2 were established by UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, NMR spectroscopy, and electronic circular dichroism data analyses. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and inhibiting glucose-induced mesanginal cell proliferation activities. None of them showed activity with IC50 far beyond 50 µM.

Protective Geometry and Reproductive Anatomy as Candidate Determinants of Clutch Size Variation in Pentatomid Bugs.

AbstractMany animals lay their eggs in clusters. Eggs on the periphery of clusters can be at higher risk of mortality. We asked whether the most commonly occurring clutch sizes in pentatomid bugs could result from geometrical arrangements that maximize the proportion of eggs in the cluster's interior. Although the most common clutch sizes do not correspond with geometric optimality, stink bugs do tend to lay clusters of eggs in shapes that protect increasing proportions of their offspring as clutch sizes increase. We also considered whether ovariole number, an aspect of reproductive anatomy that may be a fixed trait across many pentatomids, could explain observed distributions of clutch sizes. The most common clutch sizes across many species correspond with multiples of ovariole number. However, there are species with the same number of ovarioles that lay clutches of widely varying size, among which multiples of ovariole number are not overrepresented. In pentatomid bugs, reproductive anatomy appears to be more important than egg mass geometry in determining clutch size uniformity. In addition, our analysis demonstrates that groups of animals with little variation in ovariole number may nonetheless lay a broad range of clutch shapes and sizes.

Monoterpene indole alkaloids from the roots of Alstonia rupestris and their anti-inflammatory activity.

Four new monoterpene indole alkaloids (1-4) together with twelve known alkaloids (5-16) were isolated from the roots of Alstonia rupestris. Compound 1 was the first example of C2-symmetric heteroyohimbine-type indole alkaloid homodimer obtained from natural plant resource. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by comparison of its calculated and experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities by measuring their NO inhibitory effects in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Compound 2 showed strong NO inhibition with IC50 value of 4.2 ± 1.3 µM. Moreover, compound 2 could decrease the expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-ß1).

Correction: Wang et al. Current and Potential Future Global Distribution of the Raisin Moth Cadra figulilella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) under Two Different Climate Change Scenarios. Biology 2023, 12, 435.

In the original publication [...].

Outcomes from a Single Transplant Center of 5 Pediatric Cases of Domino Liver Transplantation from Live Donors with Maple Syrup Urine Disease.

BACKGROUND Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare genetic deficiency of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKAD) complex that breaks down amino acids, resulting in multi-organ failure. This report is of 5 pediatric cases of domino liver transplantation (DLT) from live donors with MSUD from a single transplant center in Beijing. CASE REPORT All MSUD donors were confirmed to have disease-causing mutations in BCKDHA (branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1, alpha polypeptide) or BCKDHB (branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase E1, ß polypeptide) genes by peripheral blood whole-exon sequencing. Serum leucine and valine concentrations were significantly higher than normal values. Recipients ranged in age from 0.75 to 9 years old. Three patients underwent auxiliary liver transplantation, and the other children all underwent liver or partial liver transplantation. This case report was followed up for 25 to 79 months. The prognosis, growth, and development of patients were followed up. By the end of the last follow-up, all children had survived. All patients had normal serum leucine and valine concentrations after surgery. In case 1, portal vein stenosis post-operatively. In case 2, stenosis of hepatic artery and bile duct occurred. In case 5, hepatic artery and portal vein stenosis occurred, resulting in graft loss.   CONCLUSIONS The findings from our center support the findings from other pediatric liver transplant centers that liver transplantation using MSUD donors can have successful outcomes without the development of MSUD in the recipient.

Postprandial glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion is associated with urinary albumin excretion in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients.

BACKGROUND: Microalbuminuria is an early and informative marker of diabetic nephropathy. Our study found that microalbuminuria developed in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). AIM: To investigate the association between glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and microalbuminuria in newly diagnosed T2DM patients. METHODS: In total, 760 patients were recruited for this cross-sectional study. The GLP-1 levels during a standard meal test and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) were determined. RESULTS: Patients with microalbuminuria exhibited lower GLP-1 levels at 30 min and 120 min during a standard meal test than patients with normal albuminuria (30 min GLP-1, 16.7 ± 13.3 pmol vs 19.9 ± 15.6 pmol, P = 0.007; 120 min GLP-1, 16.0 ± 14.1 pmol vs 18.4 ± 13.8 pmol, P = 0.037). The corresponding area under the curve for active GLP-1 (AUCGLP-1) was also lower in microalbuminuria patients (2257, 1585 to 3506 vs 2896, 1763 to 4726, pmol × min, P = 0.003). Postprandial GLP-1 levels at 30 min and 120 min and AUCGLP-1 were negatively correlated with the UACR (r = 0.159, r = 0.132, r = 0.206, respectively, P < 0.001). The prevalence of microalbuminuria in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM was 21.7%, which decreased with increasing quartiles of AUCGLP-1 levels (27.4%, 25.3%, 18.9% and 15.8%). After logistic regression analysis adjusted for sex, age, hemoglobin A1c, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, estimated glomerular filtration rate, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, AUCglucose and AUCglucagon, patients in quartile 4 of the AUCGLP-1 presented a lower risk of microalbuminuria compared with the patients in quartile 1 (odds ratio = 0.547, 95% confidence interval: 0.325-0.920, P = 0.01). A consistent association was also found between 30 min GLP-1 or 120 min GLP-1 and microalbuminuria. CONCLUSION: Postprandial GLP-1 levels were independently associated with microalbuminuria in newly diagnosed Chinese T2DM patients.

Current and Potential Future Global Distribution of the Raisin Moth Cadra figulilella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) under Two Different Climate Change Scenarios.

Global trade facilitates the introduction of invasive species that can cause irreversible damage to agriculture and the environment, as well as stored food products. The raisin moth (Cadra figulilella) is an invasive pest that poses a significant threat to fruits and dried foods. Climate change may exacerbate this threat by expanding moth's distribution to new areas. In this study, we used CLIMEX and MaxEnt niche modeling tools to assess the potential global distribution of the raisin moth under current and future climate change scenarios. Our models projected that the area of suitable distribution for the raisin moth could increase by up to 36.37% by the end of this century under high emission scenario. We also found that excessive precipitation decreased the probability of raisin moth establishment and that the optimum temperature range for the species during the wettest quarter of the year was 0-18 °C. These findings highlight the need for future research to utilize a combined modeling approach to predict the distribution of the raisin moth under current and future climate conditions more accurately. Our results could be used for environmental risk assessments, as well as to inform international trade decisions and negotiations on phytosanitary measures with regards to this invasive species.

Performance of two egg parasitoids of brown marmorated stink bug before and after cold storage.

Introduction: The genus Trissolcus includes a number of egg parasitoids that are known to contribute to the control of Halyomorpha halys. The number of progenies, particularly females, is important for the efficient mass rearing of species used in augmentative biological control programs. Cold storage is an important technique for extending the shelf life of natural enemies used in such programs. Methods: We assessed how fecundity, sex ratio, lifespan, and the number of hosts parasitized within 24 h were affected by host density for T. japonicus and T. cultratus when offered fresh H. halys eggs and how these parameters were affected if adult parasitoids were first placed in cold storage (11°C in the dark) for 19 weeks before being used for propagation. Results: The fecundity were 110.2 and 84.2 offspring emerged at 25°C, for parasitoids not placed in cold storage; among the offspring that emerged, 82.6% and 85.6% were female for T. japonicus and T. cultratus, respectively. If first placed in cold storage, T. japonicus and T. cultratus produced 35.1 and 24.6 offspring per female, respectively, although cold storage significantly extended the shelf life. The survival rates of parasitoids that were placed in cold storage were 90.3% and 81.3% for females, and 3.2% and 0.9% for males of T. japonicus and T. cultratus, respectively. The number of hosts parasitized within 24 h was not shown to be density dependent, but it was significantly lower after cold storage. Discussion: This information can be used to estimate the likely production for augmented rearing colonies for use in biological control programs.

Rhodium-Catalyzed Tandem C-H Annulation Enabled by Transient Directing Group Strategy and Sequential Nucleophilic Substitution.

A novel protocol of rhodium-catalyzed tandem C-H annulation of aldehyde and aniline with diazonaphthalen-1(2H)-one via transient directing group strategy and sequential nucleophilic substitution has been demonstrated in moderate to excellent yields. This reaction proceeds smoothly via intramolecular cyclization to form 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-ol and is followed by nucleophilic substitution of para-carbon of aniline to construct 6-aryl-6H-benzo[c]chromene derivatives. A series of 6-aryl-6H-benzo[c]chromenes were synthesized in one-pot via the tandem C-H annulation.

[Clinical features of children and their family members with family clusters of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection in Shanghai, China: an analysis of 380 cases]. / 上海380例家庭聚集性感染Omicronå˜å¼‚æ ªçš„å„¿ç«¥åŠå ¶å®¶å±žä¸´åºŠç‰¹å¾åˆ†æž.

OBJECTIVES: To study the clinical features and prognosis of children and their family members with family clusters of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant infection under the admission mode of parent-child ward. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical data of 190 children and 190 family members with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection who were admitted to Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, the designated hospital for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), April 8 to May 10, 2022. RESULTS: Both the child and adult groups were mainly mild COVID-19, and the proportion of mild cases in the child group was higher than that in the adult group (P<0.05). Respiratory symptoms were the main clinical manifestations in both groups. Compared with the adult group, the child group had higher incidence rates of fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and wheezing (P<0.05) and lower incidence rates of nasal obstruction, runny nose, cough, dry throat, throat itching, and throat pain (P<0.05). Compared with the child group, the adult group had higher rates of use of Chinese patent drugs, traditional Chinese medicine decoction, recombinant interferon spray, cough-relieving and phlegm-eliminating drugs, and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir tablets (P<0.05). Compared with the adult group, the child group had a lower vaccination rate of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (30.5% vs 71.1%, P<0.001) and a shorter duration of positive SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid (P<0.05). The patients with mild COVID-19 had a shorter duration of positive SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid than those with common COVID-19 in both groups (P<0.05). The patients with underlying diseases had a longer duration of positive SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid than those without such diseases in both groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both children and adults with family clusters of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection manifest mainly mild COVID-19. Despite lower vaccination rate of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in children, they have rapid disease recovery, with a shorter duration of positive SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid than adults, under the admission mode of parent-child ward.

Reproductive attributes and functional response of Anastatus japonicus on eggs of Antheraea pernyi, a factitious host.

BACKGROUND: Anastatus japonicus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) is a solitary egg endoparasitoid that has been studied for inundative biological control of Halyomorpha halys Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in China. In this study, we assessed the reproductive attributes and functional response of Anastatus japonicus on a factitious host, Antheraea pernyi (Guérin-Méneville) (Lepidoptera: Anthelidae) at 25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 5% relative humidity and 16 h:8 h light/dark photoperiod. RESULTS: The mean lifetime fecundity of Anastatus japonicus females was 404.3 progeny produced over an average oviposition period of 42.3 days. The sex ratio of adult progeny was slightly male biased (51.2%), whereas more female progeny were produced before day 20 of a female's life. Single 1-day-old mated Anastatus japonicus females exhibited a type II functional response to increasing host densities (1-50 eggs), with an inverse host density-dependent pattern of percent parasitism. The upper limit to the daily attack rate was estimated as 7.6 Antheraea pernyi eggs. Furthermore, mutual interference among Anastatus japonicus females occurred when increasing densities of parasitoids (1, 2, 4, 8, 16) were exposed to 30 host eggs. CONCLUSION: Laboratory functional response result revealed that individual Anastatus japonicus might be unable to respond effectively to increasing host density in the field, which could be compensated by releasing larger numbers of wasps. Strong mutual interference among foraging Anastatus japonicus females should be considered in any future inundative biological control programs for the sustainable management of Halyomorpha halys or other host insect pests. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

ATF2 accelerates the invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma through targeting the miR-548p/TUFT1 axis.

AIM: Due to high invasion and metastasis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is known as one of the most fatal carcinomas. We aim to further investigate regulatory mechanisms of invasion and metastasis to elucidate HCC pathogenesis and develop novel medications. METHODS: Patient specimens were collected for assessing gene expression and correlation between gene expressions. The expression of Ki67 and E-cadherin in subcutaneous xenograft tumor were examined by immunohistochemistry staining. The expression of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2), miR-548p and TUFT1 were determined using Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and PI3K/AKT signaling-associated markers were examined with western blot. The proliferation, migration and invasion were assessed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, colony formation and transwell assays, respectively. Cell apoptosis was assessed via Annexin V and propidium iodide staining. Gene interaction was confirmed using chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase activity assays. Subcutaneous and intravenous xenograft mouse models were established for analyzing HCC growth and metastasis in vivo. RESULTS: ATF2 was up-regulated in HCC patients and cells. ATF2 promoted HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion and inhibited cell apoptosis through directly targeting miR-548p and controlling its expression. miR-548p suppressed HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion and enhanced cell apoptosis. miR-548p directly bound to the 3'UTR of TUFT1 to restrain its expression and subsequently suppress the PI3K/AKT signaling. ATF2 knock-down significantly suppressed the growth and metastasis of HCC. CONCLUSION: ATF2 accelerates HCC progression by promoting cell proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis, which is dependent on regulating the miR-548p/TUFT1 axis.

Healthy-related quality of life in patients with cervical cancer in Southwest China: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is the second most common female malignant tumor in the world. According to a study in 2018, the incidence of cervical cancer in Yunnan Province of China was 11.42 per 100,000, the mortality rate was 3.77 per 100,000, and higher than the national average. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) can be used not only in the selection and effect evaluation of clinical treatment plans of cervical cancer, but also in the evaluation of prognosis and long-term survival status. In this study, 288 cervical cancer patients admitted to the Yunnan Cancer Hospital in Southwest China from 2018 to 2020 were used as the survey objects to understand the HRQoL of cervical cancer patients and explore the related factors that affect HRQoL. METHODS: The Chinese version of the functional assessment of cancer therapy-cervix (functional assessment of cancer therapy-cervix v4.0, FACT-Cx V4) was used to investigate 288 patients with cervical cancer in Yunnan Province. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test, analysis of variance, multiple linear regression and other methods. RESULTS: The total FACT-Cx score of cervical cancer patients was (130.16 ± 14.20), the physical well-being (PWB) score was (22.02 ± 4.47), the social/family well-being (SWB) score was (25.66 ± 3.59), the emotional well-being (EWB) score was (19.75 ± 3.54), the functional well-being (FWB) score was (16.91 ± 5.01) and the additional focus area (cervical cancer subscale, CxS) score was (45.78 ± 4.61). From the multi-factor analysis results, the scores of PWB, FWB, Cxs and the total FACT-Cx were related to the choice of different treatment methods, the PWB scores of patients with concurrent chemoradiotherapy was low(ß = - 1.67, P = 0.003), the FWB scores of patients with concurrent chemoradiotherapy was low(ß = - 2.02, P = 0.001), the CxS scores of patients with concurrent chemoradiotherapy was low(ß = - 1.61, P = 0.006), the total score of FACT-Cx of patients with concurrent chemoradiotherapy was low(ß = - 5.91, P = 0.001). SWB score was affected by marital status, married patients had high PWB scores(ß = 5.44, P = 0.006). The patients with heavy disease expenditures as aproportion of family disposable income(ß = - 3.82, P = 0.002) and aged 60 and above(ß = - 3.29, P = 0.003) had lower FWB scores. The total score FACT-Cx of patients participating in cervical cancer screening was higher(ß = 7.61, P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The choice of treatment method is the common influencing factor of PWB, FWB, Cxs and the total FACT-Cx. Disease expenditures as a proportion of family disposable income, the treatment method, the marital status and whether to participate in cervical cancer screening affect the patient's evaluation of their own HRQoL. Medical staff should pay special attention to the choice of different treatment methods, popularize vaccination knowledge and cervical cancer screening, give more humanistic care and health education to cervical cancer patients who have low education level, poor economic conditions, divorced or separated, and encourage patients to participate in active treatment to improve the health-related quality of life.

Monoterpene indole alkaloids from the roots of Bousigonia mekongensis and their anti-diabetic nephropathy activity.

Four new monoterpene indole alkaloids (1-4) together with six known alkaloids (5-10) were isolated from the roots of Bousigonia mekongensis. Compounds 3 and 4 were the first examples of condylocarpan-adenine type alkaloids obtained from natural plant resource. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. All compounds were evaluated for their inhibiting glucose-induced mesanginal cell proliferation and protecting high glucose-evoked podocyte injury activities. (-)-demethoxycarbonyldihydrogambirtannine (5) can significantly antagonize glucose-induced podocyte injury with EC50 value of 6.5 ± 1.2 µM.

A Novel tp0548 Gene Type of Treponema pallidum Identified in Nanjing, China: Case Report and Review of Literature.

BACKGROUND: The tp0548 gene, hypothesized to encode for an outer-membrane protein, was originally used in the enhanced Centers for Disease Control and Prevention typing for molecular typing of Treponema pallidum. It plays an important role in the molecular epidemiology of Treponema because it is not only an important locus of multiple typing approaches but also suitable for strain typing of multiple Treponema subspecies. METHODS: A 27-year-old Chinese man attended the Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic in Nanjing, China, because of a genital ulcer and inguinal lymphadenopathy for 1 week. Workup consisted of microbiological and hematological investigations, and sequences analysis. The aims of this study were to describe a novel tp0548 sequence type "Qn" of this syphilis strain and to review all previously reported novel tp0548 genotypes. RESULTS: We identified a novel tp0548 gene type in a genital ulcer in a patient with primary syphilis in Nanjing, China. Using sequence alignment, we further found that this novel sequence was closely similar to "Q." Following the nomenclature used in the enhanced Centers for Disease Control and Prevention typing methodology, the letters "Qn" was assigned to the new sequence type. CONCLUSION: The novel tp0548 sequence type of T. pallidum not only expands the database up to 27 different sequence types but also indicates the substantial genetic diversity of the tp0548 gene sequence.

[Discharge and Contents of Exosome from Leukocyte-Reduced Apheresis Platelet Stored for Different Storage Time].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of storage time on discharge and content of exosome from leukocyte-reduced apheresis platelets (LRA-Plt). METHODS: Exosome (EXO) from LRA-Plt were acquired by ExoQuick, and its' morphology, immunological marker and particle size distribution were detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Western blotting and dynamic light scattering (DLS), respectively. The changes in particle size distribution of EXO from LRA-Plt with different storage time were detected by DLS. The changes in content of protein and RNA of EXO from LRA-Plt with different storage time were detected by Nanodrop® ND-2000. RESULTS: EXO from LRA-Plt was acquired successfully, which was characterized by cup-like shape, CD63/TSG101 enriched and Calnexin negative, and the particle size of which ranged from 30 to 200 nm. At early stored stage (stored for 1 day and 2 days), particle size of EXO from LRA-Plt was small and ranges from 30 to 40 nm. Meanwhile, the contents of protein and RNA were low. The particle size distribution, contents of protein and RNA of EXO from LRA-Plt were not significanty different ammg groups (P＞0.05). At middle-late stored stage (stored for 3, 4 and 5 days), the particle size of EXO from LRA-Plt was larger than that of early stored stage, which ranges was from 130 to 200 nm. Meanwhile, the contents of protein and RNA were higher than those of early stored stage. Particle size distribution, contents of protein and RNA of EXO from LRA-Plt stored for middle-late stage were significant higher than those of early stored stage (P＜0.05). CONCLUSION: Morphology of EXO from LRA-Plt stored for middle-late stage was different from that stored for early stored stage. Moreover, the particle size distribution, contents of protein and RNA of EXO from LRA-Plt stored for middle-late stage were higher than those of early stored stage. A large amount of protein and RNA contained in EXO from LRA-Plt may participate in the multiple functions caused by platelet transfusion.